What is p2p?
Peer-to-peer (p2p) is a way for computers to connect directly to each other and share resources-like files, processing power, or bandwidth-without needing a central server to control the exchange.
Let's break it down
- Peer: Every computer (or “node”) in the network is equal; it can both send and receive data.
- To‑peer: The connection is made directly between two (or more) peers.
- Network: All the connected peers form a network where each can talk to any other, often using special software that finds and links them together.
Why does it matter?
Because there’s no single point of control, p2p can be faster, more resilient to failures, and cheaper to run. It also lets users share large files or services without relying on a big company’s servers.
Where is it used?
- File‑sharing apps (e.g., BitTorrent)
- Decentralized finance and blockchain platforms
- Voice‑over‑IP services like Skype (early versions)
- Distributed storage services (e.g., IPFS)
- Collaborative computing projects (e.g., SETI@home)
Good things about it
- Resilience: If one peer goes offline, the network keeps working.
- Scalability: Adding more peers can increase capacity and speed.
- Cost‑effective: No need for expensive central servers.
- Privacy: Data can stay between users without passing through a third‑party server.
Not-so-good things
- Security risks: Direct connections can expose users to malware or attacks if not properly protected.
- Legal issues: P2p file sharing is often associated with copyright infringement.
- Variable performance: Speed depends on the quality and number of peers you’re connected to.
- Management complexity: Without a central authority, coordinating updates or enforcing rules can be harder.